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Assessment of proprioceptive exercises in the treatment of rotator cuff disorders in nursing professionals: a randomized controlled clinical trial

Avaliação dos exercícios proprioceptivos no tratamento dos distúrbios do manguito rotador em profissionais de enfermagem: um estudo clínico controlado e randomizado

Abstracts

BACKGROUND: Shoulder pain in nursing professionals may lead to limitations in occupational and daily activities and consequently interfere with quality of life. OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of two physical therapy programs which differed in the proprioceptive exercises used on the nursing professionals with rotator cuff disorder, according to quality of life, work satisfaction indicators, and pain intensity. METHOD: This study was an experimental, randomized, prospective, comparative trial with quantitative data analysis. The data sampling was carried out between the months of June 2010 and July 2011 by means of a questionnaire containing socio-demographic and professional information, the Western Ontario Rotator Cuff Index (WORC), the Occupational Stress Indicator (OSI), and the Visual Numeric Scale (VNS). Based on randomization, subjects were divided into two groups. Group 1 (control) was submitted to stretching and strengthening exercises and cryotherapy. Group 2 (experimental) was treated with the same protocol as the control group, with the addition of proprioception exercises. The data was analyzed by means of the Statistical Package for the Social Science version 16.0 for Windows. RESULTS: After physical therapy intervention, significant reduction in pain levels occurred in both groups, with a significant improvement in quality of life for Group 2. No changes were observed in the work satisfaction indicators after the two types of physical therapy interventions. CONCLUSIONS: The proprioceptive exercises were important in the treatment of musculoskeletal disorders, however the results did not allow us to determine which treatment was the most effective as there was no significant difference between groups.

nursing staff; shoulder; physical therapy; quality of life; job satisfaction


CONTEXTUALIZAÇÃO: A dor no ombro em profissionais de enfermagem pode acarretar limitação das atividades diárias e ocupacionais e interferir na qualidade de vida. OBJETIVO: Comparar o efeito da aplicação de dois programas fisioterapêuticos diferenciados pelos exercícios de propriocepção em trabalhadores de enfermagem com desordem do manguito rotador, segundo indicadores de qualidade de vida, satisfação no trabalho e intensidade da dor. MÉTODO: Trata-se de um estudo experimental, randomizado, prospectivo, comparativo, com análise quantitativa dos dados. A coleta de dados foi realizada no período de junho de 2010 a julho de 2011, por meio de um questionário sociodemográfico e profissional, questionário Western Ontario Rotador Cuff Index (WORC), Escala de Satisfação no Trabalho (Occupational Stress Indicator) e Escala Visual Numérica (EVN) para intensidade da dor. Após randomização, os sujeitos foram alocados em dois grupos. No Grupo 1 (controle), foram aplicados exercícios de alongamento, fortalecimento e crioterapia. No Grupo 2 (experimental), foram realizados os mesmos exercícios que no Grupo 1 acrescidos de exercícios proprioceptivos. Os dados foram analisados por meio do Statistical Package for the Social Science, versão 16.0 para Windows. RESULTADOS: Após os tratamentos fisioterapêuticos, houve melhora significativa da dor nos sujeitos dos dois grupos e da qualidade de vida nos trabalhadores do Grupo 2. Não houve alteração dos indicadores de satisfação no trabalho nos dois grupos. CONCLUSÕES: Os exercícios proprioceptivos foram importantes no tratamento dos distúrbios osteomusculares. No entanto, os resultados não permitiram inferir a melhor efetividade deles em relação ao outro tratamento, pois não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos. Ensaio clínico registrado no ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01465932.

equipe de enfermagem; ombro; fisioterapia; qualidade de vida; satisfação no trabalho


Assessment of proprioceptive exercises in the treatment of rotator cuff disorders in nursing professionals: a randomized controlled clinical trial

Avaliação dos exercícios proprioceptivos no tratamento dos distúrbios do manguito rotador em profissionais de enfermagem: um estudo clínico controlado e randomizado

Lisandra V. Martins; Maria H. P. Marziale

Department of General and Specialized Nursing, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil

Correspondence Correspondence to: Lisandra Vanessa Martins Rua Guia Lopes 1.333, apto 13, Bairro Monte Alegre CEP 14051-160, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil E-mail: lisandravanessa@yahoo.com.br

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Shoulder pain in nursing professionals may lead to limitations in occupational and daily activities and consequently interfere with quality of life.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of two physical therapy programs which differed in the proprioceptive exercises used on the nursing professionals with rotator cuff disorder, according to quality of life, work satisfaction indicators, and pain intensity.

METHOD: This study was an experimental, randomized, prospective, comparative trial with quantitative data analysis. The data sampling was carried out between the months of June 2010 and July 2011 by means of a questionnaire containing socio-demographic and professional information, the Western Ontario Rotator Cuff Index (WORC), the Occupational Stress Indicator (OSI), and the Visual Numeric Scale (VNS). Based on randomization, subjects were divided into two groups. Group 1 (control) was submitted to stretching and strengthening exercises and cryotherapy. Group 2 (experimental) was treated with the same protocol as the control group, with the addition of proprioception exercises. The data was analyzed by means of the Statistical Package for the Social Science version 16.0 for Windows.

RESULTS: After physical therapy intervention, significant reduction in pain levels occurred in both groups, with a significant improvement in quality of life for Group 2. No changes were observed in the work satisfaction indicators after the two types of physical therapy interventions.

CONCLUSIONS: The proprioceptive exercises were important in the treatment of musculoskeletal disorders, however the results did not allow us to determine which treatment was the most effective as there was no significant difference between groups. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01465932.

Keywords: nursing staff; shoulder; physical therapy; quality of life; job satisfaction.

RESUMO

CONTEXTUALIZAÇÃO: A dor no ombro em profissionais de enfermagem pode acarretar limitação das atividades diárias e ocupacionais e interferir na qualidade de vida.

OBJETIVO: Comparar o efeito da aplicação de dois programas fisioterapêuticos diferenciados pelos exercícios de propriocepção em trabalhadores de enfermagem com desordem do manguito rotador, segundo indicadores de qualidade de vida, satisfação no trabalho e intensidade da dor.

MÉTODO: Trata-se de um estudo experimental, randomizado, prospectivo, comparativo, com análise quantitativa dos dados. A coleta de dados foi realizada no período de junho de 2010 a julho de 2011, por meio de um questionário sociodemográfico e profissional, questionário Western Ontario Rotador Cuff Index (WORC), Escala de Satisfação no Trabalho (Occupational Stress Indicator) e Escala Visual Numérica (EVN) para intensidade da dor. Após randomização, os sujeitos foram alocados em dois grupos. No Grupo 1 (controle), foram aplicados exercícios de alongamento, fortalecimento e crioterapia. No Grupo 2 (experimental), foram realizados os mesmos exercícios que no Grupo 1 acrescidos de exercícios proprioceptivos. Os dados foram analisados por meio do Statistical Package for the Social Science, versão 16.0 para Windows.

RESULTADOS: Após os tratamentos fisioterapêuticos, houve melhora significativa da dor nos sujeitos dos dois grupos e da qualidade de vida nos trabalhadores do Grupo 2. Não houve alteração dos indicadores de satisfação no trabalho nos dois grupos.

CONCLUSÕES: Os exercícios proprioceptivos foram importantes no tratamento dos distúrbios osteomusculares. No entanto, os resultados não permitiram inferir a melhor efetividade deles em relação ao outro tratamento, pois não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos. Ensaio clínico registrado no ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01465932.

Palavras-chave: equipe de enfermagem; ombro; fisioterapia; qualidade de vida; satisfação no trabalho.

Introduction

Healthcare professionals, including those related to the nursing field, carry out their activities in an environment that can expose them to various occupational risks, leading to physical and emotional problems and interfering in quality of life1. Occupational quality of life is a topic of interest in the current literature and has become an important tool for organizations. In general, it is associated with factors such as health, longevity, occupational satisfaction, pleasure, salary, and disposition, and it can define vital aspects of life, such as status and personal identity2.

Some studies indicate that nurses are at high risk of acquiring work-related musculoskeletal disorders as an increasing number of disabled workers can be seen due to compromised musculoskeletal function3-5. Some tasks, which require pulling or pushing hospital beds and stretchers with the arms at extension especially during patient transfers, are conducted with static postures and elevation maneuvers of the shoulders and have been associated with shoulder pain6.

The assessment of the influence of shoulder pain on quality of life is important in order to determine prognostics, guide treatment, and establish expected outcomes in treatment. It also permits evaluation of the level of disability from the patient's perspective and provides information regarding what is actually important to the patient, such as return to recreational and occupational activities7.

Therefore, this research is relevant to the fields of physical therapy and nursing and it is of fundamental importance to nursing professionals and healthcare administrators, given that shoulder disorders can compromise the performance of daily and occupational activities, alter levels of occupational satisfaction and quality of life, and also promote absenteeism. The objective was to compare the effects of a physical therapy program consisting of stretching exercises, strengthening, proprioception, and cryotherapy with another physical therapy program consisting of stretching exercises, strengthening, and cryotherapy in nurses suffering from rotator cuff disorders through the use of quality of life indicators, work satisfaction, and pain intensity.

Method

This study represents an exploratory, randomized, prospective, and comparative trial with quantitative data analysis. The study was conducted in the Rehabilitation Center (RC) of the Clinical Hospital of the Medical School of Ribeirão Preto of Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil. The study included the hospital's nursing professionals (registered nurses, nurse technicians, and nurse's aides) with a medical diagnosis of rotator cuff disorder, who received physical therapy care at the RC during the periods of June 2010 and July 2011.

The inclusion criteria of the sample were: employment as a registered nurse, nurse technician, or nurse's aide at the Institution; a medical diagnosis of rotator cuff disorder (impingement syndrome); availability and interest in participating in the study; signing an informed consent form. The exclusion criteria were: presence of significant pain that would prevent the performance of the physical therapy program; presence of medically diagnosed cognitive alterations; presence of associated disabling diseases, previous shoulder surgery, and other specific disorders of the shoulder complex (adhesive capulitis, degenerative alterations of the glenohumeral joint, tendinous calcification); absence from more than three physical therapy sessions (consecutive or not); use of medication or other treatment for shoulder pain (example: acupuncture, massage) during the physical therapy treatment; unwillingness to take part in the study.

No sample size calculations were conducted in this study since the number of subjects was dependent on the influx of patients sent to physical therapy care at the RC throughout the duration of the study. All subjects who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were invited to participate in the study.

All subjects were then randomized and allocated to Group 1 (control) or Group 2 (experimental) by a person not participating in the application of data collection instruments and/or rehabilitation programs. Group 1, the control group, was composed of subjects who were submitted to stretching and strengthening exercises, followed by cryotherapy to the shoulder. Group 2 was formed by subjects who received stretching and strengthening exercises, proprioceptive drills, and cryotherapy to the shoulder.

The study was conducted in four different phases.

Phase 1 – Application of data collection instruments (before).

A previously trained physical therapist, who did not participate in the exercise program, conducted the application of four instruments:

The first was a questionnaire containing occupational and socio-demographic information, as well as information related to the pathophysiology of the shoulder (including measurement of shoulder range of motion with a goniometer). The second was the Western Ontario Rotator Cuff Index (WORC). This instrument was chosen since it represents a reliable tool for measuring quality of life in patients with rotator cuff disorders8. It is available in Portuguese and has been validated for the Brazilian culture9. The third questionnaire was the Occupational Stress Indicator (OSI). This scale has also been translated and validated10 and allows the assessment of occupational satisfaction according to 22 psychosocial aspects by means of 6-point Likert scales, which vary from enormous dissatisfaction to enormous satisfaction11. To evaluate the intensity of pain, we used the Visual Numeric Scale (VNS). This scale consists of a graded line ranging from zero to ten. The left end represents "no pain" and right end represents the "worst possible pain". The use of this scale is justified by its short application time and applicability in clinical and research contexts12.

Phase 2 – Distribution of subjects in Groups 1 and 2.

In order to promote greater homogeneity with the clinical status of the patients, subjects were initially subdivided according to the presence or absence of shoulder movement deficits (measurement of shoulder range of motion with a goniometer) and the level of pain intensity, as shown by the Visual Numeric Scale (VNS).

Pain levels less than or equal to three were considered mild. Pain levels greater than three and less than or equal to seven were considered moderate, and pain levels greater than seven, severe13. After pain classification, the subjects were divided into six subgroups: a) mild pain and no deficit; b) mild pain and deficit; c) moderate pain and no deficit; d) moderate pain and deficit; e) severe pain and no deficit; f) severe pain and deficit.

The randomization occurred so that the first subject of each subgroup was randomly assigned to one group and the second subject was assigned to the other group, and so on.

Phase 3 – Application of treatment programs.

In this phase, the specific treatment programs were applied to Group 1 and Group 2.

Group 1: Strengthening and stretching exercises were carried out for muscles of the shoulder complex, followed by ice application.

Group 2: The same exercises were applied, with the addition of proprioceptive exercises.

Both rehabilitation programs were composed of two sessions per week for six weeks, with a progressive increase in resistance during strengthening exercises at every three sessions, according to a protocol14 based on several studies15-19.

All exercises were selected in accordance with various studies that assessed shoulder rehabilitation in patients with rotator cuff disorders14-19. Both rehabilitation programs consisted of pendulum exercises of the shoulder, stretching of the cervical spine and shoulder muscles, exercises with a stick (to maintain or improve range of motion), exercises to strengthen the muscles of the rotator cuff and scapular stabilizers14-20.

Only in Group 2, proprioceptive exercises were conducted. These exercises included exercises with joint position, rhythmic stabilization and repositioning of the members, unstable base, proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation, and speed and accuracy17,19.

Cryotherapy was used in both groups (through the ice pack) because it is a resource of great importance in clinical practice and widely used for reducing pain in shoulder impingement syndrome. The duration of application was 20 minutes, based on recommendations from the literature and performed at the end of the session to reduce the pain and/or inflammation16,19.

During treatment, subjects of both groups also received verbal orientation regarding appropriate joint protection and adequate body posture16,19,21. The instructions were to maintain upright posture while working; avoid carrying objects or pushing to stay with the affected upper limb; avoid repetitive motion of lifting the arms above the head level16,19,21.

Phase 4 – Application of data collection instruments (after).

The physical therapist responsible for the application of data collection instruments from phase 1 of the study reapplied the WORC, OSI, VNS, as well as a questionnaire for profile characterization of nursing professionals after the exercise programs. These questionnaires were applied one day after the intervention by the same physical therapist responsible for the implementation of the instruments in the first phase of data collection in order to compare the results of treatment programs. The therapist was blinded to group allocation.

This study was approved by the Clinical Research Ethics Committee of the Clinical Hospital of the Medical School of Ribeirão Preto of USP under protocol number HCRP 5549/2010. All subjects signed an informed consent form. This study is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (http://www.clinicaltrials.gov) under identification number NCT01465932.

The statistical analysis was carried out in the Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS), version 16.0. Non-parametric tests were used for data analysis: paired samples were analyzed with the Wilcoxon test, while independent samples were processed with the Mann-Whitney test. Values of p<0.05 were considered to be statistically significant.

Results

The sample was initially composed of 20 subjects. All subjects suffered from shoulder impingement syndrome, of which four were excluded due to the following factors: lack of commitment to the rehabilitation program (more than three absences, consecutively or not); dengue fever; and medication use (not only due to shoulder pain, but migraine, fibromyalgia and low back pain). Thus, the final sample was composed of 16 nursing professionals, with 8 subjects randomly allocated to each group. The flow diagram shows the enrollment, allocation, follow-up and analysis of subjects in Groups 1 and 2 (Figure 1).


In light of the results obtained in this study, it was possible to verify that most of the nursing professionals who sought physical therapy care due to shoulder impingement syndrome were women (87.5%) over 50 years of age (43.8%), sedentary (62.5%), and overweight (81.2%), as illustrated in Table 1.

In relation to occupational aspects, the majority of the subjects were nurse's aids (68.8%) with more than 15 years of hospital service (56.2%), a work load of less than 30 hours a week (43.8%), rotating work shift (62.5%), more morning and afternoon work hours (43.8%), and no other occupational responsibilities at other institutions (93.8%).

It was seen that the right shoulder was more frequently involved with rotator cuff disorders (62.5%) as it was more frequently used during occupational and daily activities. The majority of subjects reported pain for more than 6 months prior (37.5%), made use of painkillers during the week prior to the initial interview (81.8%), and were not discharged from their occupational responsibilities due to the pathology (56.2%). Less than half of the subjects (31.2%) claimed there was no relationship between shoulder pain and their occupational activities within the hospital. Most subjects in Groups 1 and 2 (87.5 and 87.5%, respectively) followed the posture and joint protection guidance suggested by the physical therapist.

In relation to pain, a significant reduction (p<0.01) in intensity levels was observed in both groups after the physical therapy rehabilitation. However, no significant difference was found between Groups 1 and 2 after the application of the Mann-Whitney test (non-parametric test for independent samples) (Table 2). Regarding quality of life (assessed by the WORC questionnaire), clinical improvement was observed after physical therapy intervention in Group 1 and significant statistical improvement in Group 2.

After the application of the Wilcoxon non-parametric test for paired samples for comparison of different domains before and after intervention in each group, a significant difference was observed only in the physical symptoms domain (p=0.03) for Group 1. However, Group 2 presented significant differences in all domains, including quality of life, as illustrated in Table 3.

In order to compare Groups 1 and 2, the Mann-Whitney test (non-parametric test for independent variables) was used. No significant differences were seen between groups in any of the domains, which prevents one from determining which treatment program was the most efficient (Table 3).

After the Wilcoxon test, no significant differences were observed between brute values of occupational satisfaction before and after intervention in each group. Furthermore, after the Mann-Whitney test, no additional significant differences were noted between groups (Table 4).

Discussion

This study evidenced that shoulder impingement syndrome are more frequent in women. Various studies in the literature report that the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders is greater in women than men22-26. It is important to state that women compose the majority of the nursing staff and that this characteristic is due to historical factors27. The social division of work left women with activities related to taking care of the sick, children, and the elderly28-30. Furthermore, the greater incidence of musculoskeletal disorders in women's upper limbs can be due to physiological differences (such as hormonal conditions) or doing chores whilst caring for the family, which requires constant elevation of the arms22,25,29.

In relation to physical activity, the majority of subjects who participated in this study were sedentary and overweight. This prevalence of sedentary lifestyle, which is observed in the general population, represents a series of threats to the general health of the individual by stimulating the appearance of various chronic diseases, such as musculoskeletal disorders30,31. The literature illustrates that habitual physical exercises is beneficial for the general health and promotes, among other factors, improvement in muscle strength, flexibility, posture, stress management, muscle tension control, and provides adequate physical conditions for good quality of life32. Even though some studies have not established a relationship between musculoskeletal pain and the realization of physical activities33,34, other studies evidenced decreased pain levels in the shoulder and spine of individuals who exercised regularly practiced35,36. Regular exercise and the having only one professional occupation have been related to decreased incidence of musculoskeletal disorders and greater work capacity in nursing professionals36,37. Obesity has also been associated with musculoskeletal disorders of the upper limbs23, and a high body mass index has been associated with pain complaints in upper and lower extremity joints, as well as the lumbar spine27.

In the present study, significant pain reduction was evidenced, as assessed by the VNS, in both groups, although no significant differences were found between them. The success of conservative treatment of shoulder disorders can be measured by the intensity of the patient's reported pain29. Some authors relate the importance of establishing the patient's level of pain before and after clinical treatment29,30. The improvement of pain after physical therapy intervention can be the consequence of stretching and strengthening exercises for the rotator cuff muscles and scapula stabilizers, which were conducted by both groups. Another factor pertains to the use of cryotherapy, which is based on the reduction of pain intensity and frequency34,38, which was also applied to both groups. The results obtained in one study34 demonstrate that significant reduction in shoulder pain was also obtained after the use of cryotherapy. Decreased activation of the upper trapezius, associated with the increased activation of the lower trapezius and anterior serratus can also contribute to reduction in pain levels of the shoulder39.

Therefore, the objective of the strengthening program of this study was to promote scapular stabilization and increase strength of the rotator cuff muscles. In this manner, with the subsequent improvement in shoulder stabilization, it is possible to promote pain relief, which was a significant result obtained in this study in both groups.

A large portion of subjects from Groups 1 and 2 followed the posture and joint protection orientations. This can contribute to further decrease of pain and improvement in the patient's condition, and also illustrates the educational importance of physical therapists.

In both groups, there was significant improvement in quality of life, which is clinically important. However, this finding was statistically significant only for the group that carried out the proprioceptive exercises.

The proprioceptive exercises conducted in this study started at the beginning of the rehabilitation process in order to improve anticipatory muscle response and reestablish dynamic joint stability17,19. In this manner, the proprioceptive drills consisted of conscious stimuli in order to promote cognition and adaptations to sudden changes in joint positions, and therefore stimulate reflexive muscle activity17,19. These exercises may have improved muscle control during scapular and shoulder movement40 in Group 2. Proprioceptive exercises have been shown to be important in improving motor control in musculoskeletal disorders17,41. Deficits in rotator cuff and deltoid proprioception and motor control are key factors in the development of impingement syndrome because they influence shoulder movements42. This may be one of the main reasons why physical therapy is the best type of conservative treatment43. Physical therapists must incorporate the realization of proprioceptive exercises and functional activities in the treatment of rotator cuff disorders in order to reach successful motor outcomes44. Therefore, sensorimotor alterations are associated with rotator cuff disorders and can result in loss of shoulder function45.

The assessment of treatment results by means of quality of life instruments, such as the WORC, provides healthcare professionals with reliable and objective measures that aid in documenting the rehabilitation progress in order to compare them with pre-established data44,46. Therefore, quality of life and functional capacity can become a reference through which the patients can evaluate the efficacy of their treatment44. Even though there is limited evidence in randomized and controlled studies in the literature that assessed the effect of physical therapy in the treatment of rotator cuff disorders40,47, the present research suggests that stretching, strengthening, and cryotherapy can significantly improve pain, and these procedures associated with proprioceptive exercises significantly contributed toward improving quality of life.

However, with regard to occupational satisfaction, no significant changes were seen after physical therapy intervention in nursing professionals with shoulder disorders in both groups. The instrument used in this study (Job Satisfaction Scale) was also applied in various other studies that assessed psychosocial aspects of work48-50. This instrument has displayed satisfactory reliability and validity values during quantitative assessment of psychosocial aspects of work51. However, no studies were found in the literature regarding the relationship between occupational satisfaction and bone and muscle disorders after an intervention program.

Conclusions

This study had limitations, such as a small sample size, even though the data collection period lasted for 13 months. In this manner, the results cannot be extrapolated and future research is needed to amplify knowledge regarding physical therapy rehabilitation on individuals with rotator cuff disorders, their quality of life and occupational satisfaction, in order to propose actions aimed toward health promotion in shoulder disorders.

The authors understand that it is fundamental to increase the number of studies regarding the occurrence of rotator cuff disorders and the various forms of physical therapy rehabilitation, in order to improve the occupational and daily activities of nursing professionals.

The results obtained in this study contribute toward an advance in scientific knowledge regarding treatment of rotator cuff disorders and provides methodological means by which future studies can be conducted.

Received 02/28/2012

Revised 04/29/2012

Accepted 06/13/2012

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  • Correspondence to:
    Lisandra Vanessa Martins
    Rua Guia Lopes 1.333, apto 13, Bairro Monte Alegre
    CEP 14051-160, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
    E-mail:
  • Publication Dates

    • Publication in this collection
      02 Nov 2012
    • Date of issue
      Dec 2012

    History

    • Received
      28 Feb 2012
    • Accepted
      13 June 2012
    • Reviewed
      29 Apr 2012
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