H reflex amplitudes, an indirect measure of the excitability of the alpha motoneuron pool, were recorded from 10 males during fatigue induced by submaximal, isotonic, voluntary contractions of the soleus muscle. H reflex changes were correlated with electromyographic changes (mean power frequency (MPF); root mean square (rms EMG)), under ischemic and non-ischemic conditions. The purpose of the ischemia was to block transmission of Ia and possibly Ib afferents to assess whether changes in sensory feedback had any effect on alpha motoneuron and EMG activity during fatigue. Significant interactions were found between ischemic and non-ischemic conditions. After an initial decrease (1.21 +/- 0.56 mV to 0.54 +/- 0.39 mV), H reflex amplitudes increased during non-ischemic trials (0.54 +/- 0.39 mV to 1.13 +/- 0.84 mV). Under ischemic conditions H reflex amplitudes decreased (2.11 +/- 1.10 mV to 0.70 +/- 0.74 mV; P < 0.003). During non-ischemic conditions, MPF decreased across 5 consecutive trials (157.7 +/- 17.9 Hz to 124.7 +/- 17.2 Hz), as compared to an increase under ischemic conditions (132.8 +/- 21.2 Hz to 197.1 +/- 53.6 Hz; P < 0.001). Root mean square amplitude decreased during the non-ischemic trials (31.07 +/- 14.62 mV to 25.98 +/- 8.26 mV). A greater decrease was noted during the ischemic trials (34.00 +/- 23.61 mV to 4.95 +/- 3.77 mV; P < 0.001). Data suggest that the CNS modulates muscle contraction in order to preserve force output and neuromuscular transmission during fatigue. This modulation appears dependent on Ia and/or Ib afferent feedback.