Reproductive success usually declines in the course of the season, which may be a direct
effect of breeding time, an effect of quality (individuals with high phenotypic or environmental …

The widespread use of artificial nestboxes has led to significant advances in our knowledge
of the ecology, behaviour and physiology of cavity nesting birds, especially small …

Maternal effects by which females provide their offspring with non-genetic factors such as
hormones, nutrients and antibodies can have an important impact on offspring fitness. In …

Partial migration, where populations of animals are composed of a mixture of resident and
migratory individuals, is a widespread phenomenon in nature. It has been reported to occur …

Ecology Letters (2011) 14: 871–876 Abstract Partial migration, whereby only a fraction of the
population migrates, is thought to be the most common type of migration in the animal …

Background and purpose There is an ongoing need to review large series of total ankle
replacements (TARs) for monitoring of changes in practice and their outcome. 4 national …

Objective: To assess mortality in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) treated with tumour
necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors, compared with a standard RA population. Methods: Patients …

When an animal has to meet increased demands on its working capacity, for example, for
thermoregulation or parental care, two strategies are available. The animal can reallocate …

Background The GOLD classification of COPD severity introduces a stage 0 (at risk)
comprising individuals with productive cough and normal lung function. The aims of this …

Activating the immune system has associated fitness costs, both immediate costs in the form
of reduced current reproduction and long-term costs in the form of reduced life span and …