Table 1

Table 1

Summary of included studies

Study	Location	Study design	Description of homelessness/accommodation	Inclusion and exclusion criteria/study drop-outs	No of participants	Intervention
Dawes et al, 201938	UK	Qualitative (interview)	No fixed abode, living in hostel, temporary accommodation and permanent accommodation after being homeless	Attendees of one of two park-based running groups operated by the charity ‘A Mile in her Shoes’ in London for women defined as homeless, no specified exclusion criteria or study drop-outs reported	11	Outdoor Running (groups)
Grabbe et al, 201347	USA	Qualitative (interview)	No fixed abode or living in shelters	Participation in at least eight gardening sessions in a daytime shelter for homeless women in a large south-eastern US city, no specified exclusion criteria or study drop-outs reported	8	Outdoor Gardening (groups)
Grimes and Smirnova, 202048	USA	Qualitative (interview)	Temporarily housed and most had experienced two or three episodes of homelessness	Men experiencing homelessness who has completed the earn-a-bike programme in the previous year in Kansas, no specified exclusion criteria or study drop-outs reported	16	Mixed individual intervention (bicycle provision, cycle safety and maintenance training)
Helge et al, 2014 and Randers et al, 201239 41	Denmark	Quasi-experimental (non-randomised controlled intervention study)	Recruited from homeless shelters and unemployment offices.	Men experiencing homelessness who were accessing services in shelters and unemployment offices in Copenhagen, no specified exclusion criteria, withdrawals football group (6/33 consented but did not show up for testing and 9/27 did not complete intervention), control group (4/22 consented but did not show up for testing and 8/18 completed the intervention), no differences in pre-test scores among drop-outs compared with the rest of the subjects	28	Soccer (group training)
Kendzor et al, 201732	USA	Randomised controlled trial	Living in a transitional shelter for people experiencing homelessness	(1) At least 18 years of age, (2) willing and able to attend study visits, (3) score ≥4 on the Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine—Short Form (REALM-SF) indicating >sixth-grade literacy level, (4) physically ambulatory, (5) residents of a transitional shelter in Dallas, Texas (able to show an ID badge) and (6) had been living in the transitional shelter for ≤3 months, exclusions (n=10) due to not reaching the minimum reading level (n=9) and/or staying at the shelter for more than 3 months (n=3), Drop-outs, control group (n=0), intervention (2/17). Reason for drop-out not stated.	32	Mixed individual intervention (pedometer with step count goals, health education, provision of fruit and vegetables)
Knestaut et al, 201031	USA	Qualitative (self-reported form, debrief and journal)	People living in homeless shelter	Adults who had taken part in shelter-based dance programme, no specified exclusion criteria or study drop-outs reported	11	Indoor multimodal exercise (Instructor-led dance group)
Magee and Jeanes, 201344	UK	Qualitative (interview)	Living in social services, accommodation or hostels and spent time with no fixed abode	Male participants of the UK squad who attended the inaugural Homeless World Cup, no specified exclusion criteria or study drop-outs reported	6	Soccer (group training and Homeless World Cup participation)
Malden et al, 201936	UK	Qualitative (interview)	Living in hostel accommodation or on the streets	Participants of the Street Fit Scotland intervention who attended both the fitness classes and peer support components of the intervention in March 2016, no specified exclusion criteria, 2/12 of those eligible did not participate—no reason specified.	10	Indoor multimodal exercise (Instructor-led, leisure centre-based group, with peer support)
Norton et al, 202034	USA	Quasi-experimental (non-equivalent groups longitudinal design)	Living at a shelter for women without housing	Women residents of a shelter in a large city in Texas, USA who had participated in the HOPE Adventure Therapy pilot programme, no specified exclusion criteria or study drop-outs reported	82	Outdoor Adventure (groups)
Parry et al, 202135	UK	Qualitative (realist evaluation: interviews, focus groups and diary room)	Young people experiencing or at risk of homelessness (no further details provided)	Young people with experience or at risk of homelessness who attended at least one MST4Life programme workshop (Phase 1) during the time of data collection and housing staff with one-to-one experience of working with the MST4Life participants, no specified exclusion criteria or study drop-outs reported	30 PEH 6 housing service staff 5 OAE staff	Outdoor Adventure (groups)
Parry et al, 202146	UK	Qualitative (diary room)	Living in supported accommodation for young people experiencing homelessness	Young people with experience or at risk of homelessness who attended and engaged in Phase 1 of MST4Life from different cohorts of MST4Lifeover a 5-year period (2014–2019). 50/113 eligible participants did not participate-reasons not specified, no drop-outs	54	Outdoor Adventure (groups)
Randers 201042	Denmark	Quasi-experimental (non-randomised controlled intervention study)	Nature of homelessness among ‘homeless participants’ undefined	Homeless men, no specified exclusion criteria or study drop-outs reported	15	Soccer (group training)
Randers et al, 201840	Denmark	Analytical cross-sectional (intervention study)	Described as homeless, no further details provided	Women experiencing homelessness from three countries (Denmark, Norway and Belgium) who participated in 4-a-side street soccer at Women’s Homeless World Cup in Amsterdam in December 2015, no specified exclusion criteria or study drop-outs reported	15	Soccer (Homeless World Cup tournament participation)
Sherry, 201045	Australia	Qualitative (interview)	Experience of homelessness in the preceding 2 years or were participating in a drug or alcohol rehabilitation programme	Team members of the ‘Street Socceroos’, the Australian Homeless World Cup team and, no specified exclusion criteria or study drop-outs reported	8	Soccer (group training and Homeless World Cup participation)
Sherry and Strybosch, 201243	Australia	Qualitative (Ethnographic case study)	Past or current experience of homelessness and associated social disadvantage	Team members of Australia’s Community Street Soccer Programme (CSSP) over a 4-year period, which is for people who are homeless or experience of homelessness/social disadvantage, staff from the CSSP and key stakeholder or support workers involved in the development and delivery of the programme, no specified exclusion criteria, no study drop-outs	165 players 11 Coaches 10 (support workers)	Soccer (group training)
Shors et al, 201456	USA	Quasi-experimental (intervention study)	‘Recently homeless’ with experience of poverty, trauma or addictive behaviours	Young mothers who were recently homeless then ‘rescued from the streets’ and given housing and food in a residential centre, where they lived with their children, no specified exclusion criteria or study drop-outs reported	15	Indoor multimodal exercise (Instructor-led meditation and choreographed aerobic group exercise)
Peachey et al, 201333	USA	Qualitative (focus groups)	Recruited from a tournament for homeless individuals. So, assumption that all participants were homeless—no further details supplied	Players and coaches who ‘represented the geographic areas’ of the US-based Street Soccer USA Cup, no specified exclusion criteria or study drop-outs reported	11 players 6 staff	Soccer (National Cup tournament participation)